New Study Highlights Challenges and Solutions for Racing Pigeon Losses Due to Raptors in Bulgaria

The team of BSPB completed a study aimed to assess pigeon losses due to birds of prey in Bulgaria, identify areas with high risks of raptor attacks and collisions with powerlines, and suggest mitigation measures. Data on raptor attack frequency and phenology were collected through a questionnaire (201 responses from 65 municipalities) and GPS tracking of 72 pigeon flights during 23 races involving 11,740 pigeons in total. Two prevention methods were tested: bright-colored wing patches (1,080 pigeons from 33 fanciers) and painted eyespots (72 pigeons from seven fanciers). The survival rates of marked versus unmarked pigeons were compared to assess the deterrent impact. We established collaboration with national and local pigeon racing organizations, representing over 62 local clubs. BSPB also participated in awareness raising seminars attended by over 80 pigeon fanciers. 

The results from the study revealed that most respondents do not use preventive measures against raptor attacks; those who do mostly employ strict regimes for pigeon release and training, or use bright-colored wing patches. However, we found that the loss rate specifically due to raptors was 14% lower among those using preventive measures. Raptors were rated as the most significant cause of pigeon loss, followed by bad weather, disorientation, and poor health. The average reported loss rate during races was 30%, with 42% out of them attributed to raptors. Most of the attacks were reported to take place in spring (March and April), in the morning and were caused by hawks and falcons. The GPS data revealed that 18% of marked pigeons were targeted by raptors, with most attacks occurring in the final 30% of the race. Attacks were predominantly in upland, woodland areas, and at an average elevation of 962 meters. Eight areas were identified as having high collision risks with power lines. Both tested prevention methods showed partial effectiveness: anti-raptor spray-marked and eyespot-painted pigeons had 16% and 20% higher survival rates, respectively, compared to controls.

Birds of prey often cause human-wildlife conflicts by preying on economically valuable species like racing pigeons. Pigeon races are widespread, and high-quality racing pigeons can provide significant economic benefits. However, pigeon fanciers commonly believe that birds of prey are the biggest threat to their pigeons, despite limited scientific evidence. This perception can lead to illegal persecution of raptors, including trapping, shooting, poisoning, or nest destruction. Therefore, understanding the extent of raptor predation on racing pigeons and identifying effective prevention measures is crucial for conservation efforts.
In conclusion, involving the pigeon fancier community is essential for successful raptor conservation programs. Enhanced understanding of raptor attack patterns, combined with effective prevention measures, could help reduce human-raptor conflict. This study encourages further research, awareness, and conservation activities on this issue.

The study was conducted under the LIFE project “Securing the recovery of the endangered Saker Falcon in Bulgaria and Southern Romania,“ which focuses on restoring and conserving the endangered Saker Falcon in 28 Natura 2000 areas.

The full report in PDF can be downloaded from HERE.





Photos: Stoyan Nikolov